In the 1960s, three missiles carrying nuclear warheads were destroyed by non-nuclear explosions, one on the launch pad and two at altitudes of 9 and 33 kilometers, which spread plutonium- and uranium-containing particles over the atoll. Johnston Atoll was used as the launch site for atmospheric nuclear weapons tests in the 1950s and 1960s. Air Force on July 1, 1948, to be used for nuclear testing. The Secretary of the Navy agreed to transfer operational control of Johnston Atoll to the U.S. The atoll was fortified during the war and used as a supply point for submarines. These facilities served as an important link between Hawaiʻi and the western Pacific during World War II. Navy began developing a seaplane base, an airstrip, and refueling facilities. Navy to establish an air station and also to the Department of the Interior to administer the bird refuge. On December 29, 1934, Executive Order 6935 by President Franklin Roosevelt transferred control of Johnston Atoll jointly to the U.S. On July 29, 1926, President Calvin Coolidge established Johnston Atoll as a Federal bird refuge by Executive Order 4467 and placed it under the control of the U.S. The atoll did not have a permanent population until 1936. A large amount of guano was removed from the atoll between the late 1850s and the early 1900s. The island was annexed to the United States as a guano island under the Guano Act of 1856. Two crew members from the schooner Palestine were left on the island to collect phosphate. schooner Palestine claimed the island for the United States, and three months later the island was claimed by Captain Watson of the Hawaiian schooner Kalama for the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. Brig Sally under the command of Joseph Pierpoint, but it was named for Captain James Johnston of the HBMS Cornwallis, who claimed its official discovery on December 14, 1807.
Johnston Atoll was sighted in 1796 by the U.S. Political status: Unorganized, Unincorporated Territory of the United States.Fish and Wildlife Service public entry is only permitted by special permit
Population: No Indigenous inhabitants.NOAA Coral Reef Ecosystem Program (CREP).NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (PIFSC).
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